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In Tamazunchale, the Day of the Dead feast is transformed into maize Day of the Dead

In Tamazunchale Day Dead feast becomes the corn

■ Two days before and two days after the date takes place in the ritual known as the milpa tlamanes
■ It is a way of demonstrating how to appreciate what the earth gives us, "says a resident of Chilocuil

Tamazunchale , SLP, November 1. Each year, in the Huasteca Potosi, with the arrival of Xantolo (Feast of the Dead) marks the end of the agricultural cycle in the different communities in this area. Days before or after this date is the corn or tlamanes ritual, and popular community event deep and ancient.
On October 31 the people of the community represented a part Chilocuil the ceremony in the fields, takes about two days, but in the municipal done in about an hour and a half for urban dwellers know "the usual" Nahua.
"We thank the party for which we have corn, we have to eat the corn," said Epifanio González Robles, at the end of the ritual, performed in front of the town hall, next to a place where one develops a competitive offerings, to one side is installed tianguis marigold flowers. The activities are organized by the local House of Culture, directed by Pedro Acosta.
Robles is the host and owner of the cornfield which was originally tlamanes out, and summarizes it for the party, in your community, inviting several buddies to help you make the first pinch of corn. For this, the women prepare a day before a couple of patlaches, great tamales made with a rooster and a hen whole animals were sacrificed ceremonial. Once on site
where is the first harvest offering liquor, fireworks and thunder are buried, among other things, the hearts of the birds that filled the tamale, decorated all the time with music from a trio huasteco that for hand, is known as the "canaries".
With the first plant harvested, the sponsor and some of the guests TLAM make a tie of 14 circles of ears where the seeds will be used in the next planting season.
back, inside the house, the women make a corn doll which represents the virgin's dress and put her necklaces, while men in the yard make elocruz (cross ears) for a couple children performed the first dance, that last all night. Representations of the cross and the Virgin are placed or seated on the tlamanes, which is placed in the center of the room as the main altar.
In the square, people in Tamazunchale observed representation of the moments of the end of the agricultural cycle, the inhabitants of Chilocuil share in the middle of the street patlache ceremonial. "We come to show them how to appreciate what the earth gives us," concludes Epifanio, amid persistent rain.

Xantolo
Since 31 October, the inhabitants of the Huasteca have the belief that Totec, Nahua name of God, opens the gates of the underworld for the souls of the dead back to live with their families. Preparations begin
time ago, with the first offerings to San Miguel, on 29 September and a week before the Day of the Dead, with the "up" mask, so that the groups performed the dance of the huehues.
In Chapulhuacanito, community near the county seat, is performed camanale, a talk on Nahua speaking of tradition as a sign of friendship of the people, where the festival begins on the eve of Xantolo, when the old request permission the souls of their dead so that the party is carried out; one lives and share food. Already
31 October, in the homes of the different communities are built altars, called arcs, where you place tamales, bread, porridge, coffee and "a nip" of brandy have been willing to souls a path of marigold petals, from the sidewalks to the entrances of homes. On 1 and 2 November any visitor is welcome, it is considered to be the deceased relative who has returned and is invited to food of the offering.
During the three days are held dances huehues or cabbage, which depending on the zone run with plastic or wooden masks, the first day is highlighted in those who died in an unnatural way, such as accidents, the second in infants dead, and the third in adults.
The festival concludes in some areas with a dance, where they dance over the arches. The masks are stored in a loft, where removed again next year.

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"People, made from corn, maize ago. People, set up in the flesh and the colors of corn, dig a corn crib and covered it with good soil and clean of weeds and water it and speaks words that they want. And when the corn is grown, the people of corn grind it on a stone and rise and applaud, and he sleeps by the fire and eat it, so that people follow the corn maize will not die on earth. "

Eduardo Galeano.

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ORIGINS OF THE FEAST DAY OF THE DEAD
Death in the Mixtec culture, as in most Mesoamerican cultures, is not the end of life, but the beginning of the road to a new form of exist next to the gods. More than the fact of death, what matters most is to die. And is this other world which no representations, customs and traditions, as to the unknown road as we both said, you can only imagine with symbols. Although considered the life cycle culminating in death, also felt that the latter was only a step in existence, why should perform some ceremonies, the most important of which is now known as the Feast Day of the Dead, which has a pre-Hispanic origin. The offering Indian
goes back a few thousand 800 years before Christ, because they buried their dead with specific offerings. Later, about 1 500 years before Christ, people buried the bodies accompanied with rich offerings of pottery, food and personal items. The inhabitants of Mesoamerica believed that after death, continue to live in another way. The dead were buried with any case of objects that could be helpful in their journey to Mictlan.

dead The party is linked to the pre-Hispanic agricultural calendar , it is the only party that was held when started the collection or harvest. That is, is the first major post-season banquet shortages in previous months and is shared even with the dead. So they thought represented the relationship existed between harvest and planting cycle of life and death. The existence in the afterlife they said, was in accordance with the form of death, not observed behavior in life, so do not be afraid of punishment after death.

DAYS THE CELEBRATION
October 28: We remember those who died violently or who died at birth, known as the "thorns."
October 31: They Altars for children and adults in the afternoon or evening, some starting at 12 noon.
November 1: The Feast of All Saints. The Altar is mostly for little angels who come from 8 am (Oaxaca) or from 12 noon (Edomex). The fireworks fire the "thorns" and welcome the angels. To be at 8 pm (Oaxaca)
November 2: Day of All Souls. Received adults, who arrive between 8 am and leave at 8 pm (Oaxaca). By that time can pick up the altar and began to distribute the offering. Gone are the angels at 12 days and become adults. (Edomex)
November 3: Other collected this day the Altar at 12 days, the time to be adults and to then make the distribution. (Edomex)
With the arrival of the English, it's Christian altars or offerings tend to include new elements such as: Santos, Christ, crosses and some fruits that did not exist in America. Two of the main similarities between these two views were belief in the immortality of the soul and the cult of the dead. Like the fact to offer these, light candles and burn aromatic resins. After the English conquest in Mexico was established All Saints Day and All Souls, by order of Pope Gregory IV.

DESTINATIONS AND GODS
First: The Tlalocan or place of Tlaloc, regarded as the paradise of the rain god was reserved for those who died in circumstances or water-related phenomena: the drowned, the swoon by lightning, leprosy, pneumonia, colds, who died accidentally, which are melted down, they fell to a stone. The place was a kind of earthly paradise where they received Tlaloc. In that place of eternity spent chasing butterflies, enjoyed swimming and eating delicious fruits or playing ball. There reigned an eternal summer.

Second: With Huitzilopochtli, the god of war, came only those who died in combat, the captives were killed, women dying in childbirth and and traders who had perished in the commercial expeditions. Came to the house of the Sun Tonatiuh Ichan ilhuicatl ("the sky is the abode of the Sun"). Die fighting for the Aztecs was the best death, death desired. As she gave the opportunity to accompany the sun in its daily birth and beyond, like birds.

The third destination of the dead was: Mictlan or place of the dead, sitado in the depths of the earth, reserved for non-classified or who died a natural death. It was inhabited by two gods of death Mictlantecuhtli Mr. and Mrs. Mictecacíhuatl. The path of the souls destined to Mictlan was very complex because four years had to pass through various places facing all kinds of hazards and vicissitudes before reaching the Chignahuamictlán, resting place or disappeared.

These sites were further step: two mountain ranges that meet almost, a snake, a green lizard (some say it was a crocodile), eight deserts, eight hills, an area of \u200b\u200bicy winds that cut like knives (that's why they burned their clothes) and finally crossed the river Chignahuapan, with the help of dog with which they were buried . And so fortunate that her journey ended with it came to Mictlantecuhtli, who gave, as an offering, bunches of cane torches, and perfume, cotton, thread red and blankets.

also that their souls may come to their final destination and overcome the difficulties of crossing the bodies were placed various objects, which allowed them to overcome obstacles. Here is significantly the conception of the Altar of the Dead as current offerings. During this long journey, they could stop in their dwellings earth only once a year, that date fell in early November. To help these wandering souls regain strength and encouragement, the Aztecs were preparing a feast with food and drink to their dead loved to take in life.

Fourth: The souls of the dead children had a special place Chichihualco (milk house) where there was a beautiful, leafy tree, the Chichiuahuitl (milk tree) which as its name says branches dripping milk, which they ate. Children who came here again to destroy the earth when the race who inhabited or fifth sun. They had the belief that they themselves reincarnated. So, once again, death life would be generated.

For the Nahua "each God chose his people and killed them with their specific powers." There were other gods who killed the elect and bring them to their own kingdoms. For example, death in a drunken state was a sign that Ometochtli (the main gods of pulque) had chosen the victim, and that the fate of the dead was the paradise of drunks. Another interesting case is that of Tlazoltéolt, goddess inspired adultery and taken to those who died executed for that offense. Tezcatlipoca also waiting.

ELEMENTS OF THE DEAD ALTAR AND ITS MEANING .
Each of the following elements contained in his own history, tradition, poetry and, above all, mysticism. Essentials to welcome the spirits at the Altar of the Dead and their meanings are:
Water: Represents the source of life, is offered to the spirits to mitigate or quench your thirst after your long journey and also to will strengthen your back. In some cultures symbolizes the purity of the soul. Is what gives life and energy for the road. In some places tend to put a pitcher and a glass, preferably clear glass so you can appreciate the content. Natural water appears as an offering in different cultures around the world since ancient times. Some people believe the soul to see her wet lips parched from the long journey from the afterlife. Salt: It is a purifying element, helps the body are not corrupt, as they travel back and forth for the next year.

Candles: The ancient Mexicans used pine sticks. Currently using the candle in its different forms: candles, candles or wax. The flame producing means "light", faith, hope. Serves as a guide, with its flickering flame so that the spirits can see better the way, get to their former homes and light return to their home. It is said that the candle represents the soul alone. They also represent their ascension of the spirit burning. If the candles or candlesticks are purple, is a sign of mourning, and if you put four of them cross represent the four cardinal points, so you can orient the soul to find his way and his house. In ancient times it was said that the light served to illuminate the journey that will make the dead in the desert would have to cross to reach their final destination. In places like Xochimilco is customary to light a candle for each person and is called by name when starting. Or put as many candles as are infants still dead family recalls.

and incense Copal: Copal was offered by indigenous peoples to their gods and the incense was not yet known, this arrived with the English. It is the element that enhances the prayer or praise. A fragrance that is a sign of reverence. Is said to be used to clean the place of evil spirits and so the soul can enter your home without any danger. Also smoke it symbolizes the passage from life to death. Some people still use incense or failing small stoves or laborers. They use cote I sliced \u200b\u200bcharcoal to give them pieces of copal and Ensom place.

flowers: They are welcome for the soul, the white flower represents the sky, the yellow flower, the land and the house of mourning. And the red of the "lion's paw", also called "cock" or "rooster comb" means specifically the expression of the blood of Christ and the Resurrection, as well as human and animal life. They are a symbol of festivity for its colors and scented trails. Decorating and flavoring place during the stay of the soul, which is believed to leave will leave happy. In some places the wallflower and the cloud can not miss as the color signifies purity and tenderness, and accompany the souls of children. Marigold flowers usually remember the soul of the deceased, since it is the traditional flower of the dead, its color is yellow or orange is said to represent the strength of sunlight and life. Comes from the Nahuatl cempoalxochitl which means "flower petals 20 or more", "twenty leaves" or "twenty flower". It is said the death anniversary and also symbolizes sadness.

Highway petals In many parts of the country are accustomed to ways of petals, usually with marigold flower without leaves, from the front door to the Altar that serve to guide the deceased in the cemetery to the offering and vice versa. Represents out on the road color and odor that trace the paths to the spirits, whose color on as the sun used to illuminate and guide the soul of the dead so that is not lost.

Bread: A symbol that serves as an offer fraternal. The church is presented as the "Body of Christ." Remember the departed soul and symbolizes a tradition. It is a bread that is made in different regions of the country especially for this holiday. The piece has a round shape to symbolize a grave, the nucleus, at the top represents the base of the skull, side trims, bones of the extremities, and is decorated with red sugar symbolizes the blood. In some places like Xochimilco is in the form of late and has a name. For the Altar the "Deceased" bread is made into small pieces and puts is that for them.

Portrait or photograph of the dead / a: The person to whom the tribute is dedicated and whose soul will visit us. It is a reminder of our loved ones. In some places it says it must be hidden and not visible, so that it can not be seen with a mirror, to understand that the loved one you can see but no longer exists.

religious images: the devotion of saints of both the deceased and the family. Placed to serve as a means of interaction between living and dead, and that the altar is synonymous with good social relations. In addition, symbolizing peace at home and the firm acceptance of sharing food.

The dish or favorite food: Good food is to delight the soul that we visit. With these foods to please the deceased is sharing the most liked and be agreeable to his good pleasure. The Altar is constantly present a trail of aromas, representing the banquet kitchen in honor of loved remembered. The chicken mole, chicken or turkey, is the favorite dish placed on the altar many indigenous people across the country. In some other places usually put one or several pots of food. Accompanied by a chiquihuite or tortilla. The dishes vary according to regions of the country where they're celebrating the holiday.
beverages such as chocolate, the porridge and coffee, are part of the traditional drinks that tend to make living in those days, especially chocolate either water or milk, thereby invites the dead to enjoy these beverages and more so if in life they also enjoyed the taste. Hispanic tradition says the guests were chocolate prepared with water used to bathe the deceased so that visitors are imbued with the essence of the deceased.

liquor and cigars: It's for living souls who have tasted the "Spirits" and / or cigarettes pleasant remember the major events during his lifetime. They function to quench the thirst of the dead and also give you the pleasure of taking a drink. Some people tend to favorite liquor bottle, a glass and serve others and leave it on the altar, depending on the drink that is served with a salt shaker, and a plate with lemon party.

Papel picado: It is an ornament to the altar that gives color and represents the joy of living. Many of his designs are handmade and they are stamped reasons of death. Some people put them as curtains, shirts and table cloths to decorate the walls near the altar and / or cover the table or altar levels. The colors used in these motifs have meaning: the color purple or dark pink is used in mourning. Purple is representative of Christian mourning. And the orange color of mourning Aztec. The confetti black on black geometric designs is referred to in the tlil Hispanic religion, place of blackness, and Mictlan, that is the site of the dead.

"Entierritos" or figures in the shape of a skeleton: past were much better known the "entierritos" which were representations of human figures whose heads were of chickpeas and black paper suit, mimicking the late and Trinidadian parents, who were those who were responsible for carrying the bodies of the poor people in the graveyard. It is very easy to find representations with skeletons in various ways, are very popular with a setting according to different professions and trades, some are truly droll. Are represented in these crafts from infants to seniors, all "skeletons." Both craft accompanying the ornament of the altar and give a humorous twist.

natural fruits and fresh fruits: These are the gift that nature gives us. They are usually seasonal fruits that vary according to regions. They are a way to enrich the enjoyment of souls who come to enjoy the "smell" of them. Because it is said through the aromas given off as other fruits as food they eat. In certain regions such as the Isthmus of Tehuantepec usually get four flags tucked into orange confetti. Oranges or fruit with flags mean freedom death brings. On the other hand when the fruit preserves or candy sweetened with the role of the "tongue" of the spirits and are a factor to increase your enjoyment.

Personal items of the dead / a: Some people like to put those objects that were favorites of the deceased or preferred, which is believed to will travel. And depending on your hobby or work you put into the bottom of the Altar those things dear to them. In some places it is customary to put on the top level clean clothes to welcome the spirits, for changes and to remove the dust of the road and are more comfortable during their stay with their families.

Levels

tables or base of the altar: it is very common that the Altar should be structured on several levels. That usually three. Its construction can be used tables of different sizes or even tables. At the top level to the center of the altar, it is customary to place a photograph of the deceased to the devoted Altar. At the intermediate level usually get food, treats and things that they loved the deceased. At the bottom, as well as firewood, coal, stone hearth or three canoes to be used as a fire, and water is placed a cross of ashes. With the advent of Christianity the English arrived, so that the altars or offerings suffer some changes as a forum to place religious images of saints, Christ, crosses and some fruits that do not exist in America. Within the Christian doctrine of the Altar three levels representing the three divine persons: Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Each level is covered with a cloth or openwork embroidery, china paper, plastic and also covered dead flowers of which form a carpet on which is deposited all the offering.

toys and candy: On the altar of the "Deceased" gets used to put toys, which in some places still are made of clay, so that these little souls have to play with and have more fun during the time that will accompany their alive.

cane arches: In some parts of the Republic, as here in some communities in Oaxaca, the altar is decorated mainly by an arc of reed or sugar cane covered with multicolored flowers cempazúchil, and supports the arch wire hanging the mandarins, oranges, limes and bananas. The number of arcs varies from two to four arches, this set is usually called cover or altarpiece. The bow speaks of desire, those living on earth, to join those already living in heaven, who will no longer die again.

"If you everywhere, in water and on land, air and holds me wildfire, and if you go everywhere with me in thought, in the breath of my breath and My blood confused, will not you, Death, in my life, water, fire, dust and wind? "(Xavier Villaurrutia," Tenth death "). ODH and thanatological
Aida Maria Castro Morales.

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Origin and diversity of maize. Men corn

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For

Lord Reinberg.

In all cultures the man tried to shape the idea of \u200b\u200bcreation of the universe, trying to figure out how it happened and why to give some meaning to life. At this point there is all mythology, the myth of the creation myth creación.El always has a similar structure: the chaos, the potential of all is orderly and maternal great room by a male intrusion, an order, a law. In the Enuma Elisch (the Babylonian creation myth) in the beginning is made an assembly of gods led by Anu, the god Marduk is assigned to a task, go to kill Tiamat, the dragon that reigns in the chaos. Chaos is a giant, dark sea. Marduk kills Tiamat and his blood created the universe. Marduk is the masculine law, Tiamat and the sea are the chaos dark, damp and maternal.
The Popol Vuh is a book that collects people's legends Ketchi or Quiche, a Mayan peoples, who lived south of what is now called Guatemala. In this book we see how the Mayans were trying to explain the origin of the world and the phenomena of naturaleza.El Popol Vuh was written in English, but language characters Ketchi mid sixteenth century and translated 200 years later by the priest and historian Fray Francisco Seville reading of the Popol Vuh XimenezLa became over the centuries into a starting point for historians and philosophers to find out what life was like in Mesoamerica for hundreds of years and even was taken as a learning text not only for their own culture but to all others and life today.

Mesoamerican cultures share with Christianity the concept of creation of the universe by the word. Hunab Ku pronounced "let the world" and there was the creation, ordering the chaos. Before that the universe was only sky and sea and endless perpetual face to each other. There was nothing there was also equipped with two of them, the two major potential. Hunab Ku, the Great Creator created the universe to not be alone.

created the gods and the gods created the world. Gugumatz Tepeu and created the earth, trees and sun with the gift of speech, and talked together and decided to create man.
The gift of speech for this culture and many more, such as Christianity, as we said before is far greater than anything else. Tepeu and said Gugumatz Earth and the Earth appeared, they said appeared spontaneously trees and seeds that germinated and grew in seconds. And so the mountains glaciers, swamps, rivers, deserts, light and darkness out of the mouths of the gods. And everything was ready for humans.
The pantheon of gods for the Maya is equal to that of the Greeks, full of flaws that make human beings the gods power and eternal life. That makes the gods are selfish and egocentric. The gods in his huge vanity want to be revered, acclaimed, adored and glorified, they want to have subjects that created incondicionalmente.Primero love animals of all kinds, they designated their locations and their eating habits. But the animals could not answer the word, the animals had the gift of speech and could not say nothing worship the gods, the original purpose had been created that failed. For this reason the animals were reduced to lower spirit beings destined to eat each other for all eternity.
The gods had two more failed attempts: first came the man of clay that was fragile, he spoke and worshiped the gods, but was burned with fire, hardened by the sun and the rain is falling apart. The gods then dumped his second term the first hijos.En are created stick men, drawn from the wood of trees. The wooden men had no feelings, they were unable to see beyond themselves, saw the world as a tool that should be used to meet their needs, are not able to use the word to worship and thank the gods for the very creation. Then the gods sent the Flood (present in all cultures) to kill all men in the world. The survivors of the flood were condemned to another order, tools, tired of the abusive treatment he had been exposed for the selfish beings revealed wood and smashed their faces and jaws, so were demoted to another form of primitive life, were turned into monkeys.
animals who were then taken to the gods what they were looking for, the stuff that would be born a being capable to venerate them for the rest of his life, a being capable of accepting the gift of speech. The substance that rats led to the gods was the ear of corn, found in what today would be the valley of Mexico. The gods created
then the corn the first man and first woman. They talked, saw, loved, learned, were endowed with wisdom, soul, substance. The gods finally got what they always wanted. Finally were worshiped, the men were praised in his honor.
Here the gods had their own error. Corn Men knew all, saw everything. Were on par with the gods in all kinds of knowledge. They had so moved them that they had been endowed with a wisdom so great that soon overshadow that of themselves, and they will never allow it, because as I said the Mayan gods are proud of as humans.
then narrow the wisdom of man, narrowed their vision, not to look beyond what is necessary. And never saw the gods in the face, and never saw the light of wisdom, but always remember that in their hearts, and that the boost to go and thank the gods for the harvest.

http://www.nosvisitan.com/los-hombres-de-maiz.html

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Hispanic Kitchen

By Silvia Ibarra
indigenous cultures of ancient Mexico developed a vast knowledge based on observation of life cycles of their environment and the possible link between some cosmic phenomena and sought to interpret.

The struggle for survival, over time enabled them to optimize plant resources, animals and minerals that nature was at their disposal in every region of prehistoric asentamiento.En their diet was based solely on products of hunting, fishing and gathering plants and fruits appropriate.

Over time, the selective consumption by human groups increasing numbers, helped to change the natural conditions in different plant species. It was a slow and gradual process of many thousands of years, which coexisted with the collection and early forms of primitive agriculture.

At some point, estimated date by archaeologists in about four or five thousand years before our era, began the domestication of maize from its wild ancestor the "teosinte" whose fruit was tiny.

From these earliest times begin to appear in Mesoamerica instruments appropriate stone for grinding seeds. In Mexico, the development of agriculture was not, as in other world regions, a reduction in the nutritional health of its population by a greater reliance on dominant food source. Perhaps because there remained the habit of using a variety of alternative supplies such as game, fish and other aquatic products, fruits and wild vegetables, flowers, roots, worms and even insects.

other hand, were domesticated in Mexico as other vegetables such as amaranth, chile, beans and squash.

Use from time so remote The combination of corn, beans and squash, as an essential part of the diet has been crucial to the healthy development of indigenous peoples.

Indeed, all scientists agree that analyzes the combined intake of corn beans and squash is even more nutritionally beneficial than being incorporated separately. Its nutrients are highly complementary.

addition, the ductility of the tomatoes, which can be eaten both raw and cooked together with the variety of chiles with varying degrees of spice can also be eaten fresh and dried or crushed, raw or cooked, helped development seasoned with all sorts of wild birds, game meats and fish.

The archaeological and other scientific studies clearly show that each of the pre-Hispanic civilizations that flourished in Mexico expressed cultural characteristics. Given the variety of soils and climates in which they were developed is certain that their eating patterns were adapted to the natural resources of each region.

However, the area of \u200b\u200binfluence of some of these civilizations, such as the Olmec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya and Mexica (Aztec) covered in some cases very broad territories. This diffusion resulted in a vast trade and the necessity of providing food resources for them populated metropolis conceived in the exchange of products in large markets or flea markets. "

There are many evidences in this sense of transporting goods over long distances. Both the archaeological and historical documentation at the time of the English conquest, showing the importance that the practice of paying taxes on food by the subject races, had purchased for the consolidation of central power Aztec.

The central market of Tenochtitlan, the "street market" of Tlatelolco, was of colossal dimensions to the experience European time and caused the admiration of the English for their internal organization and the extraordinary variety of products offered.

THE IMPORTANCE OF CORN

Just as the domestication of wheat in Mesopotamia and rice in India and China laid the foundation for the Neolithic revolution in Europe and Asia, the domestication of corn transformed cultural development of all subsequent American civilizations.

Corn is very versatile, its tender grains can be eaten roasted or cocidos.Cuando are dry are easily converted to mass tortillas or tamales.

Its cultivation requires no plows or work animals. For just a cane planting hardwood (the coalition) with which to dig the hole that will hold the seed. Progresses without irrigation or further care. It requires no plans or specially prepared soil. Grows in height and sea level can occur in both tropical and cold areas of the plains or mountain. Its grains are easily stored and can be used long after the harvest.

It is an excellent food for both humans and poultry and pets. The leaves of the plant and the ear can be used to wrap and cook platillos.Los various cob (Marla) dry and free of grains are used as fuel. Dry reeds used to build walls and ceilings. Finally the waste or fallow lands are an excellent fertilizer.

All this explains that became the staple food of those who learned to cultivate.

addition, the ancient Mexicans discovered a truly successful in their intake were more digestible and healthy. This process known as "nixtamal" Corn is the slow cooking of the grains in alkaline water (with tequesquite, ash or lime), allowing the detachment of the cuticle or skin indigestible. This produces Among other benefits, the level of calcium from tortillas increased twentyfold.

tortillas from time immemorial have constituted the basic livelihood of the Mexican populations. No one can prove for sure when they appeared but it is assumed that there almost since the domestication of corn, since very ancient archaeological sites are metates and griddles, cooking tools necessary to produce them.

is likely that the production of tortillas has been the main occupation of Mexican women over millennia. This has always been a female household chore and it is estimated that a European woman in a culture wheat needed to use about three or four hours a week to make the necessary bread for his family, while a Mexican woman needed thirty-five to forty hours to produce tortillas, always be eaten hot, freshly made.

CORN pre-Hispanic mythology

The corn was incorporated in various ways to the Hispanic mythology. For the Quiche Maya who wrote the Popol Vuh, the creator gods were experimenting with different materials, but only could lead to real men when produced in maize seeds. Also

Mexica creation conceived in stages up to the true humanity and perfect food: corn. Both cultures expressed in their myths contempt for those people who were not able to plant corn.

Chicomolotzin, or "7 ears of corn" was for the Aztecs the Goddess of Maintenance. The numeral 7 seeds meant for the esoteric language of the wizards and the esoteric name of the corn was "7. Snake. " Perhaps because this Goddess was also called Chicomecóatl that just means "7.Serpiente."

Each plant important to the Aztecs had their deity and corn was the most important of all have different representations.

Centéotl (centli: corn and teotl: God) was the god of corn in general.

Xilonen, conceived as a young deity was the goddess of sweet corn.

Itlamatecuhtli, "the old lady's skirt, was the goddess of the ear dry.

was retained even by oral tradition in language "Nahuatl" an ancient hymn to the god of corn "Centéotl" whose rough translation is:

was born Tamoanchan the corn god.

In the place where God is floresel "1. Flor "

the maize god was born in

where there is water and moisture,

where the sons of men are made, in the beautiful

Michoacán.

KITCHEN UTENSILS

The most important were:

hand

The metate and cylindrical, rectangular mortar with three legs flat volcanic stone for grinding grains and seeds.

The molcajete: concave container stone or clay, for crushing and grinding various foods, including those necessary to prepare spicy sauces tejolote or using the small cylinder of the same material.

These two are still used today in the kitchens of Mexican homes.

Earthenware: many of them were developed with this material, such as pots and pans, pichancha or strainer (pot with many holes to drain the nixtamal) comal (a flat container or dish pan to roast various foods ), jugs and other containers.

Baskets or baskets, made from different fibers, used for storing food.

Knives: made of obsidian, used primarily for cutting meat and skins of different animals. To cut soft food, ixtle ropes.

Other utensils were made of wood or gourds.

TYPES OF FOOD

Corn tortillas (round and flat breads), tamales (stuffed with meat, fish, shellfish, beans, seeds, only mass, candy), tlacoyos and other snacks, chocolate (water, roasted and ground cacao), porridge and pinole, all of them were made with mass nixtamal. Popcorn (roasted dried beans), cooked corn (sweet corn), roasted corn, molasses, leaves for wrapping tamales, ears to make breads, ear leaves for tamales ear hair teas, popcorn (tender beans cooked with salt and chile) and pozole (a stew with corn, poultry and beans).

Beans: Cooked in broth, and flour, such as tamales and tacos stuffed with chile, boiled with salt and epazote (herb).

Amaranth seeds or joy (huautli in Nahuatl): ground to make a very fine flour which is then kneaded with corn and honey ("tzoalli" in Nahuatl) for making bread or figurines of gods and mountains after being worshiped were sacrificed and consumed in ceremonies and rituals and caked with honey roasted agave, roasted and ground into flour for make tortillas and tamales.

Pumpkin Seeds: for moles, sauces, stews and tamales, drink paste, or just toast.

Other seeds, chia or sage (meal, drink, oil), peanuts (groundnuts), pine, or corn and wild teosinte otras.Verduras: peppers (great variety, fresh or dried), quelites (other than leafy plants and green stems), acuyo, chaya, chipilín, sorrel, flowers (squash, barrel cactus, yucca, agave, beans, bunting, etc.), fleshy leaves of nopal and maguey, beans, chayote, zucchini, squash, sweet potatoes (yams) , yucca, jicama, other roots and bulbs, algae, fungi, green tomato, tomato (tomato red), a kind of American onion (Xonacatla), and others.

Meat: deer, rabbits, hares, tapir, dogs (Xoloitzcuintli), peccaries, armadillos, gophers, moles, squirrels, turkey (turkey), pheasant, quail, ducks, herons, cranes, geese, iguanas, frogs, Turtle (sea and land, meat and eggs), snakes, lizards, snakes, worms, insects and their eggs several (the most popular grasshoppers and locusts), larvae, ants, fish, fresh and sea water (catfish, trout , white fish, shark, bass, stingray, sea bream, mountains, etc.) and shellfish (crab, mussels, oysters, acamayas, octopus, shrimp, and others).

Fruits: pears, sapodilla, blackberry, plum pit American great, guava, mamey, papaya, hawthorn, chokecherry or ground cherry, nanche, guava, pineapple, avocado (avocado), papaya, and others.

Sweets: honey were produced with different (from bees, agave, cane, palm trees and roots, ants, wasps) and fermented seeds or frutos.Bebidas The most famous is the pulque (maguey) . Also elaborated with fruit juice and honey and tree bark.

CONSERVATION FOOD

Dry: This technique was used for fish and meat and chilies and various seeds. Salar: one for fish and carne.Mieles sugary: for root and various fruits.

COOKING TECHNIQUES

only two were used:

Asar: directly from the embers, or use the pan and heat diffuser, or in the ash or in underground ovens ( BBQ or GDP-bil.)

Boil, bake in a pan of water or steam, wrapping food in different edible leaves.

frying technique was introduced by the English.

http://www.elportaldemexico.com/cultura/culinaria/prehispanica.htm

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TO RETURN TO PARADISE ...

AS WHEN TO WALK BACK TO PARADISE ...
YOU SHOULD GIVE THE DREAMS AND THE TIMES,
GIVE LIFE IN EVERY DROP OF BLOOD THAT MAKES EVERY DAY!
TO RETURN TO PARADISE ... WALK TAKES
between fire and blow! EAT THE SUN

KISS THE EARTH IN THE ECSTASY OF COSMIC
UNI0N
LOVE BREATHE IN WATER AND DILUTED IN YO!
NEED ...
SER DE LA CANCION EN LA LUNA INVADING EACH OF THE MINDS Immemorial, and sleep,
NOW, THE AWAKENING,
OLD STONE EACH, EACH
fallen tree, in every bone
TURNED TO DUST,
TO RETURN TO THE PLACE OF THE LEGEND AND BECOME SELF THE LEGEND ...
MISSING CAUSE HUNGER PAIN!
MISSING THAT CAUSES PAIN COLD! MISSING
PAIN! LACK
SCRATCH THE PLEASURE OF THE EARTH TO NAIL sprung up NEW!
NEED WAKE UP!.


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Documentary "The Words of the Corn"

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NOTE: Researchers are experimenting with local varieties and hybrids in the state of Mexico

Texcoco, Mex., October 20. Researchers from various institutions and federal authorities analyzed and 210 Creoles two types of corn hybrids to create seeds that offer higher returns to producers.

Andres Morales, a researcher at the Autonomous University of Mexico State (UAEM), announced that the project is to experiment with improved seed in 12 plots located in the valley of Toluca and eight in the Valley of Mexico, more than 2 thousand 400 meters above sea level.

The research involving the Department of Agriculture U.S. Department of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA), the Center for Research and Improvement of Maize and Wheat (CIMMYT), UAEM and Research and Training Institute for Agriculture, Aquaculture and Forestry of the State of Mexico (ICAMEX), along with several companies.

The academic explained that after the first evaluation of 210 hybrids (maize transplanted from other regions), 19 had higher performance than the Creoles, while the evaluation continues, and the experimental plot of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences UAEM, where previously planted tomatoes, broccoli, squash and beets, it was obtained the highest yield, with a nine tons of grain.

performance to more than three times

Assessment Project for the use of improved maize seed addresses aspects of maturity, texture and productivity in order to offer a choice of planting to ensure high valleys and lower cost, higher yield and environmental safety, he said.

According to academics, farmers in the valley Toluca still use landraces, from which they obtain only three tons per hectare, improved seed can harvest between nine and 10 tons per hectare.

participate the U.S. Department of Agriculture , UAEM, businesses and the federal government
(Source: La Jornada , Wednesday October 21, 2009)

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Campesinos destroy GM corn crops in Chihuahua




Chihuahua, Chih., October 20. State FOs will burst in plots where the planting of transgenic corn and destroyed to prevent the species native to the mountains Tarahumara contamination with laboratory strains made by corporations that seek to monopolize the production of basic grains by patents.

The Frente Democrático Campesino, El Barzon and environmental groups warned the entity that will frustrate all attempts to harvest grains that are not natural and severely condemned the guarantee provided for planting by the Ministries of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA) and Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) on 15 October.

Dozens of farmers from various municipalities today blocked the avenue of the capital Aldama Chihuahua, opposite the palace of government, and set up camp inside the building in protest against the authorization for the experimental cultivation of transgenic corn, which they said threatens food sovereignty.

demanded the intervention of Governor Jose Reyes Baeza Terrazas to discourage the planting of GM crops and stop the proceedings initiated by Mennonites and Mormons in Cuauhtemoc, Namiquipa, Bachiniva, Galeana, Nuevo Casas Grandes, which promote GM products.

Victor Quintana, local deputy of the Democratic Revolution Party (PRD), said that action against the new model will go beyond agriculture and radicalize Chihuahua, since the initial authorization of SAGARPA and SEMARNAT two of 35 projects heralds the introduction of GM crops in other states. Mennonite settlers

agricultural valley in 2008 Cuauhtémoc requested permission to measure the drag of pollen in two plots where the MNC used Monsanto seeds in order to advance the introduction of transgenic varieties.

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METHOD HOME CORN NIXTAMALIZED





NIXTAMALIZED METHOD OF CORN HOME
is not over recover some knowledge of basic processes such as bread and tortillas, processes that have been snatched from our traditions and now are "hands" of machines and virtually out of our memory.

then scored a process for The corn, which is made with corn masa for tortillas, and then write down how to make tortillas from corn dough.

nixtamal
1. Boil a gallon of water in a large bowl (traditionally used a galvanized pail)
2. In a small bowl IMPORTANT diluted two tablespoons of lime in some water (the lime is sold in markets, usually in the form of stone not to be confused with the construction calhidra)
3. When it boils water from point 1, add the lime you did in section 2 using a strainer to prevent grumitos pass, and stir with a wooden spoon
4. Add a pint of CORN, leaving the vessel on fire one minute and off (a quart is two liters, and in the case of corn is equal to 1 kilo and a half)
5. Let stand about eight hours (I leave it overnight), after this time, the corn should be able to carve skin between the fingers, this means that it is cooked.
6. The following is to remove the corn that agüita yellowish and dense (called nejayote), rinse it and grind it with a grain Molinito (the hardware store, cost about 200 pesos I also used to grind coffee beans for gorditas, among other things, plus they look beautiful in the kitchen)
7. Once ground, you have to mix with a little water, until they can form balls with a consistency such that the ball will hold together and can make the famous tortilla

TORTILLA
1. Make a ball of dough about 40 grams
2. Put it between two pieces of thin plastic (transparent those pesky bags that I now want to give everything in the Súpers and markets)
3. Smack the ball of dough with your tortilla (with a roll also may, but is more difficult to get out plump)
4. Take away one of the plastic, put plastic over the exposed section of your palms, remove the other plastic (it has to be a part of the tortilla hanging out of your hand)
5. With the palm of your hand where you have the tortilla should be looking up dropping the tortilla on a griddle greased hot iron (the traditional is to use a whitewashed clay griddle)
6. Wait about two seconds and then flip it with a metal scoop (if you're brave, give a touch of the tortilla with the three middle fingers together, if you're lucky sticks to your hand and you can turn without utensils)
7. Wait a minute or so, check that they have set some light brown spots on the part of the tortilla that is in contact with the pan, flip it again for a few blisters from forming, and NOW, put it in a basket lined with a cloth napkin and wrap it with a napkin to keep them warm

NOTES: If you can not buy a plane Molinito, try The corn mill with a food processor. If you want the dough is very white, you have to carve a little corn to remove the pork skins, if you want to carve TAMALES nixtamal is required and remove the most of pork skins, as well as for the POZOLE.

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authorized GM seed

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Lawsuit Against Federal Government Protest

Tuesday, October 20, 2009

the view that the Attorney General's Office (PGR) has engaged in delay of justice by failing to investigate criminal complaints lodged paths for the cases of GM contamination and illegal genetically modified seeds that have occurred in our country, about 600 environmental organizations and human rights defenders enrolled a complaint American Commission Human Rights (IACHR) against the government of Mexico to allow planting of transgenic corn "for experimental purposes? in the state of Tamaulipas. The coordinator of Greenpeace's Sustainable Agriculture, Aleira Lara, said the report also reflects that the federal government gave the permits violated the Biosafety Law passed in 2005, so that a second criminal complaint filed in March 2009 that has not been addressed by the PGR. Galicia Lara added that in addition to the criminal complaint, are to be solved several habeas corpus filed by Greenpeace and farmers' organizations as the National Association of Field Marketing Enterprises against modifications Biosafety Act that removed the locks for the planting of GM maize in Spain. warned that such changes threaten the right to food of all Mexicans, as it is put in the hands of monopolies, the main seed production of human consumption such as corn, rice, soybeans, wheat and beans, as well as appeals shall be filed in the matter. He stressed that there is also a constitutional controversy raised by the town of Tepoztlan against these changes, it jumped to the Secretary of Agriculture, Francisco Javier Mayorga Castañeda, being connected to the industry agrolimentaria, like his predecessor, Alberto Cárdenas Jiménez. Finally, the representative of Greenpeace said it has documented at least two cases of federal officials, Sandra and Silvia Piña Rojas, who would be subject to a conflict of interest, having previously worked in industry

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authorization for use of transgenic corn plant corn


Greenpeace protest against use of genetically modified corn The organization focuses on the Angel of Independence, require authorities to reinstate the moratorium on experimental plots of seed of such


Notimex El Universal Mexico City Sunday October 18, 2009 13:14

Greenpeace has said that the first two licenses to grow GM maize on an experimental basis violates the Law on Biosafety of genetically modified organisms and puts at risk 55 landraces of maize.
During a rally in front of the Altar de la Patria, Greenpeace unfurled a black banner in the column of the Angel of Independence and black ribbons placed statues of Hidalgo, Vicente Guerrero and José María Morelos y Pavón to protest against those authorizations.
In an interview, the environmental group leaders Mary Patricia Aleida Arendar Lara Lerner and indicated that the transgenic maize the country is more dependent on the outside.
mentioned that with the introduction of transgenic corn to the Mexican countryside is given the coup de grace to food independence, and will return to corn farmers dependent four corporations.
stressed that activists must defend the application of the precautionary principle of the right of peoples to decide what foods to eat and how to produce them.
Therefore, they argued, who oppose the release of transgenic maize on the environment and the field testing, even on a small scale, involving risks genetic pollution, so it should be banned such authorizations.
argued that allowing GM reinforces the global power control for a few multinational companies and countries that unfortunately have massively adopted the use of such crops, ultimately affecting domestic producers. Representatives from Greenpeace
Mexico demanded that the federal authorities reinstate the moratorium on experimental plots of seed of that kind, according to scientific evidence gathered in the report "Origin and diversification of maize, an analytical review."
The paper raises the need for adherence to the precautionary principle at the risk of crop contamination in Mexico.

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BLUE CORN

The call for Sacred Hopi Blue Corn is the granddaddy of all world corn , retained their seed through the ages by those who knew their healing qualities and ability to keep the memory of primordial origin, was bequeathed to be planted around the world. It is a gift of Mother Earth, offered to humanity as sustenance, healing and medicine link with the spirit and the forces that govern the world of the eternal and changeable.

To heal we must eat seeds, whole grain of any cereal at least once a day, because the grain keeps the original memory from the beginning of time and remembrance of who we are at home. Refined foods that we produce forgetfulness and disease in humans, it is now clear that the system also handles the seed and becomes ill, separated and their natural wisdom.

http://www.cocinaenergetica.com/2009/03/maiz-sagrado-azul-y-su-poder-curativo.html

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The Huichol and corn maize

Huichol were tired of eating things that did not like.
wanted something that could eat every day, but in different ways. A young Huichol
heard of corn and its famous mets, tortillas, the chilaquiles and the tortilla soup was prepared with the cereal.
But corn was far away, on the other side of the mountain. That did not discourage him and stood up.

After some time he saw a line of ants and how he knew that some of them were the guardians of the corn, followed.
But when the young girl slept, ants, without any problem, devoraron todas sus vestimentas, dejándolo sólo con su arco y sus flechas.
Sin ropas y hambriento el huichol se puso a lamentar. Fue entonces que un pájaro se posó sobre un árbol próximo. El joven apuntó su arco sobre él, pero el pájaro le regañó y le dijo que ella era la Madre del maíz. Lo invitó a seguirla hasta la Casa del Maíz donde ella lo autorizaría a tomar todo lo que él buscaba.

En la Casa de Maíz se encontraban cinco bellas doncellas, las hijas de la Madre del Maíz: Mazorca Blanca, Mazorca Azul, Mazorca Amarilla, Mazorca Roja y Mazorca Negra.
Mazorca Azul lo encantó con su belleza y su dulzura. Se casaron y volvieron a la villa Huichol.
Since he was not even home, slept a while in a place dedicated to the gods.
Then, as if by magic, the home of the newlyweds are filled every day of the decorated swords and flowers.
People came from everywhere because they offered Blue Corn ears with both hands.
The beautiful wife taught her husband to plant and tend corn crops. Learning that delights offered by this new food, tried to steal animals. Blue Corn taught the people to put fire around crops to scare the beasts in search of tender ears.

Elders say that Blue Corn, after teaching all what she knew, she was ground and thus the men knew the great porridge, a hot beverage prepared with corn kernels.

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